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Introduction by DaSharks:
Are you intrigued? :)
Here goes.
Ian Campbell is currently working for WWF’s Global Shark and Ray
Initiative running the sustainable management component. He is also a
Shark diver and a member of the SRMR management team.
From NGOs to the public and private sector, Ian has over 20 years’
experience in fisheries policy, ecology and fishery management working
extensively within both the UK and internationally. Previous employment
has included overseeing the reform of the EU’s Common Fisheries Policy
for the Pew Charitable Trusts, fisheries observer on blue-fin tuna
vessels, inshore fisheries management and as a commercial diver in the
offshore sector.
Ian holds a Bachelor’s degree in Applied Marine Biology from
Heriot-Watt University and a Master degree in Environmental Science from
the University of Strathclyde.
This is an important initiative.
Having just returned from a meeting with major stakeholders, see at
top, I've asked him whether he wouldn't mind submitting a guest post
presenting it to the wider public.
Here is Ian's post.
Shark divers – An underused resource?
Everyone who is even remotely interested in sharks (and rays, don’t forget these charismatic shark pancakes of wonder) is abundantly aware of the pressures they are facing.
Fishing pressure, habitat loss, unsustainable consumption, or even fanciful claims of being “evolved for extinction” everywhere you look they are under the cosh. The pressure that sharks are under have probably best been summed up by the 2014 paper (and here - notice the part about research and data collection?)
led by the IUCN Shark Specialist Group which concludes that almost a
quarter of all sharks and rays (over 1,000 species assessed) are faced
with the very real threat of extinction. Remember, this is not the
claims of an environmental NGO, but an independent assessment of the
current state of shark and ray populations by 128 experts from 35
different countries. Here’s a simple chart highlighting the different
levels of threat.
As you can see, despite what you may hear from some campaigns, not all
sharks are threatened, and some are in worse shape than others, but, for
WWF, one of the biggest areas of concern is the shaded grey area on the
left side of that chart. From all the 1,042 species assessed, 487 are
“data deficient”.
Basically, virtually nothing is known about almost half of all sharks and rays.
Effective management and designing plans to reduce mortality is
virtually impossible when faced with this lack of basic understanding.
Imagine trying to balance your budget without knowing how much money you
have in your account to start with, or the amount of interest you are
receiving or paying out.
There are a number of conservation initiatives out there which lay
claims to conserving sharks, from finning bans to fin trade bans
(there’s a difference), from sanctuaries to species protections and from
policies to plans. Some of these are more useful than others, but if
any of them are to be truly effectual then one thing is key to them all:
DATA!
Without a basic understanding of shark and ray populations both around
the coast and in offshore waters, then making decisions for the
long-term survival of these species is little more than a best guess.
Yet there are a multitude of areas rich in information, but not
necessarily being channeled in the right direction.
Divers, fishermen, market traders, even shark and ray researchers
produce data every day, yet it is surprising how little of it actually
makes its way to ministerial departments or independent bodies to assist
with informed decisions for conservation. WWF are seeking to bridge
this gap. We are developing a project in collaboration with some of the
world’s leading shark researchers to create standard methodologies to
maximize the benefits from untapped resources.
In 1999, the Food and Agriculture Organisation produced guidelines for
countries to undertake a step-by-step process to developing long-term,
sustainable shark management plans (known as National Plans of Action,
NPOA).
This process seems relatively simple. Firstly, collect data on sharks
and rays in the form of a Shark Assessment Report. Then use this data to
develop your NPOA. While this does sound simple, and has been done in
places like Australia, the EU and NZ (to varying degrees of vigour), the
Pacific Islands have had to get by using the limited resources at their
disposal. There are some NPOAs currently in existence in the region,
such as the Cook Islands and Samoa. Other countries have draft versions
waiting government endorsement, such Fiji and Tonga, while some
countries such as Palau want to declare shark sanctuaries. These efforts
for conservation & long-term planning are great, although all of
these measures have one oversight in common. They are built on a lack of
data. None of the countries have produced Shark Assessment Reports, so
cannot fully know the issues within their territorial waters. This is
not the fault of the Pacific Islands, gathering data can be time
consuming for departments with limited resources, and the analysis
requires specific technical expertise. Organizations such as the FFA and SPC are providing a great service, although their remit extends way beyond just looking at sharks.
So here is where WWF are stepping in.
As mentioned, we are collaborating with shark expertise far and wide to
develop our shark ‘Rapid Assessment Tool-kit’ (or shark RAT). The main
function of this is to design ways to collect and analyze data on
coastal and pelagic sharks that can then be used to produce a Shark
Assessment Report. The very basic baseline data in this report can in
turn used by governments to develop conservation strategies that are
then based on some sort of understanding.
Where is this data going to come from?
Well, there are a lot of sources we will be exploring from genetic and
socioeconomic surveys at landing sites to extensive underwater video
surveys, but one untapped goldmine is the information collected by
divers. In Fiji, there is the Great Fiji Shark Count
which is starting to produce comparable info. At present, this isn’t
incorporated into management plans, so it’s high time it is.
There are also other things dedicated shark divers can be doing.
Ever been on a surface interval that seems to go on for ages? Sat at the
bar for the post-dive drinks to talk about what you saw? How about
these hours are spent helping screen underwater video footage that shows
what happens at your dive site when no-one is in the water? Pretty much
every diver would be able to recognise whether a shark or ray was in
shot, and a huge number would even be able to say what species it was.
Collecting and screening this type of data would take a massive burden
off an already overstretched ministry or fisheries/shark specialist.
Obviously, we are well aware of the multitude of challenges that lay
ahead for the project to be fully successful, and some methodologies
that may look good on the page may fail spectacularly when introduced to
the real world. But we have to try. Improved management for sharks and
rays is the only thing that is going to directly reduce mortality. Not
shark fin soup campaigns, or putting all your eggs into “ending finning”
and certainly not cavorting in swimwear near sharks.
Last week WWF held a 3 day workshop where 12 of the best minds in their
respective fields (I’m not including myself, I just took notes and
provided the tea and coffee) provided input and direction.
As well as academic researchers from the fields of genetics, citizen science and eco-tourism, we had input from FFA, SPC and SPREP.
Everyone we have spoken to has been enthusiastic and willing to support
us. The people in attendance will now provide advice and
recommendations to the project. Professor Colin Simpfendorfer,
the co-chair of the IUCN Shark Specialist Group also gave us a name,
although how serious he was is up for debate. WWF now convenes the
Pacific Rapid Assessment Tool-kit Scientific Advisory Committee, or
PRAT-SAC. Maybe the first thing we need to work on is the name?
The project is embryonic and there is a lot of hard work ahead, but with
a little direction, continued enthusiasm and, more importantly,
collaboration, then slowly we’ll restore the balance for sharks and rays
DaShark: Here's to that - thanks buddy, appreciate!
Thanks indeed! I hope all of you will join in this effort to conserve our shark populations. And here you were, thinking you're just having fun, when you're diving with sharks.
Let's go shark diving!
Martin Graf
CEO Shark Diver
About Shark Diver. As a global leader in commercial shark diving and conservation initiatives Shark Diver has spent the past decade engaged for sharks around the world. Our blog highlights all aspects of both of these dynamic and shifting worlds. You can reach us directly at staff@sharkdiver.com.
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